Trastorno de insomnio. Consideraciones actuales / Insomnia disorder. Current considerations

RESUMEN El insomnio es el trastorno del sueño más frecuente en la población, se acompaña de un nivel significativo de malestar o deterioro de áreas importantes del funcionamiento humano. Es importante realizar un diagnóstico correcto de este desorden con el objetivo de instaurar un tratamiento adecuado que permita mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes que lo padecen. El objetivo de este artículo es ofrecer una revisión actualizada que contribuya al incremento y actualización de la información sobre este tema. Se realizó una revisión en artículos, principalmente de los últimos cinco años y se sistematizan los resultados para de esta forma contribuir a la superación de los profesionales.

ABSTRACT Insomnia is the most frequently sleep disorder in the population. It is linked to a significant discomfort and an impairment of important areas of the human functioning. The correct diagnosis of this disorder is important with the objective of prescribing an adequate treatment for improving the life quality of the patients suffering it. The aim of this article is offering an up-dated review contributing to increase and update the information on this topic. The authors carried out a review of articles published mainly during the last five years, and the results were systematized for contributing to the professionals´ upgrading.

Effects of resistance exercise training and stretching on chronic insomnia

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of resistance exercise and stretching on sleep, mood, and quality of life in chronic insomnia patients. Methods: Three 4-month treatments included: resistance exercise (n=10), stretching (n=10), and control (n=8). Sleep was evaluated with polysomnography, actigraphy, and questionnaires. Mood and quality of life were assessed with the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey (SF-36), respectively. Results: There were no significant treatment differences between resistance exercise and stretching. However, compared with the control treatment, resistance exercise and stretching led to significantly greater improvements in Insomnia Severity Index scores (-10.5±2.3, -8.1±2.0 vs. 2.3±1.8, respectively), and actigraphic measures of sleep latency (-7.1±4.6, -5.2±1.9 vs. 2.2±2.1 min), wake after sleep onset (-9.3±2.8, -7.1±3.0 vs. 3.6±4.2 min), and sleep efficiency (4.4±1.8, 5.0±0.8 vs. -2.3±2%). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) global scores (-5.3±0.8, -3.9±1.5 vs. -0.1±0.8) and sleep duration (1.2±0.3, 1.6±0.6 vs. -0.1±0.2 h) also improved following both experimental treatments compared with control. PSQI-Sleep efficiency increased after resistance exercise compared with control (19.5±3.9 vs. 2.1±4.3%). No significant differences were observed in polysomnography or quality of life measures. Tension-anxiety was lower in the stretching group than the control group. Conclusion: Moderate-intensity resistance exercise and stretching led to similar improvements in objective and subjective sleep in patients with chronic insomnia. Clinical trial registration: NCT01571115

Behavioral intervention for sleep problems in childhood: a Brazilian randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background: Sleep problems are common in children and can have an effect on behavioral and emotional functioning. Despite the importance of sleep for children's health, there is a lack of studies on this topic in Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of behavioral intervention for sleep problems in young children and to investigate the effects on their daytime behavior. Methods: Sixty-two children (ages 1-5; M = 2.3, SD= 1.3) with bedtime problems and night waking were randomized to a parent-based intervention or a wait list control group. After the waiting period, the wait list participants were offered treatment. The intervention was composed of five sessions over 2 months, during which the parents were educated on their child's sleep and received guidance on the establishment of sleeping schedules and routines and on the use of extinction and positive reinforcement techniques. Sleep patterns and behavior problems were assessed with parent-report measures. Sleep patterns were also assessed with actigraphy. Assessments were completed at pre-intervention, post-intervention, 1-month follow-up, and 6-month follow-up. Results: Children who received intervention showed greater baseline to post-treatment improvements in sleep latency, night waking, behavior such as resisting going to bed, the desire to sleep with their parents, and daytime behavior than the control group. These improvements were maintained at follow-up. Conclusions: We concluded that behavioral parent-based intervention is effective in improving the quality of sleep and the diurnal behavior of children. This study provides initial support for use of this protocol in psychology clinics/schools. Brazilian clinical trials registration, RBR-4kxxd5. Retrospectively registered on December 13, 2016.

Non-pharmacological interventions for sleep and quality of life: a randomized pilot study / Intervenções não farmacológicas no sono e qualidade de vida: estudo piloto aleatorizado / Intervenciones no farmacológicas en el sueño y calidad de vida: estudio piloto aleatorizado

ABSTRACT Objective: to estimate the effects of non-pharmacological interventions to improve the quality of sleep and quality of life of patients with heart failure. Method: pilot study of a randomized controlled trial with 32 individuals assigned to four groups. Sleep was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory, while health-related quality of life was assessed using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire, at the baseline and at the 12th and 24th weeks. The means of the outcomes according to intervention groups were compared using analysis of covariance; effect sizes were calculated per group. Results: all groups experienced improved quality of sleep and health-related quality of life at the end of the intervention (week 12) and at follow-up (week 24), though differences were not statistically significant (p between 0.22 and 0.40). The effects of the interventions at the 12th week ranged between -2.1 and -3.8 for the quality of sleep and between -0.8 and -1.7 for quality of life, with similar values at the 24th week. Conclusion: the effects found in this study provide information for sample size calculations and statistical power for confirmatory studies. Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry - RBR 7jd2mm

RESUMO Objetivo: estimar os efeitos de intervenções não farmacológicas para melhora da qualidade de sono e de vida de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. Método: estudo piloto de um ensaio controlado aleatorizado com 32 indivíduos alocados em quatro grupos. Sono foi avaliado pelo Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde avaliada pelo Minnessota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire, no início e nas semanas 12 e 24 do estudo. As médias dos desfechos por grupo de intervenção foram comparadas por análise de covariância, e os tamanhos dos efeitos calculados para cada grupo. Resultados: todos os grupos apresentaram melhora na qualidade de sono e de vida relacionada à saúde no final do período de intervenção (12 semanas) e no seguimento de 24 semanas, mas as diferenças não foram estatisticamente significantes (p entre 0,22 e 0,40). Em 12 semanas, os efeitos das intervenções variaram entre -2,1 e -3,8 na qualidade de sono e de -0,8 e -1,7 na qualidade de vida, com valores similares em 24 semanas. Conclusão: os efeitos obtidos neste estudo podem servir de base para cálculos de tamanho amostral e poder estatístico em estudos confirmatórios. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos - RBR 7jd2mm

RESUMEN Objetivo: estimar los efectos de intervenciones no farmacológicas para mejoría de la calidad de sueño y de vida de pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca. Método: estudio piloto de un ensayo controlado aleatorizado con 32 individuos asignados a cuatro grupos. El sueño fue evaluado por el Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory y la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud fue evaluada por el Minnessota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire, en el inicio y en las semanas 12 y 24 del estudio. Las medias de los resultados por grupo de intervención fueron comparadas con análisis de covariancia y los tamaños de los efectos fueron calculados para cada grupo. Resultados: todos los grupos presentaron mejoría en la calidad de sueño y de vida relacionada a la salud al final del período de intervención (12 semanas) y en el seguimiento de 24 semanas; sin embargo, las diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas (p entre 0,22 y 0,40). En 12 semanas, los efectos de las intervenciones variaron entre -2,1 y -3,8 en la calidad de sueño y de -0,8 a -1,7 en la calidad de vida, con valores similares en 24 semanas. Conclusión: los efectos obtenidos en este estudio pueden servir de base para calcular el tamaño de la muestra y del poder estadístico en estudios confirmatorios. Registro Brasileño de Ensayos Clínicos - RBR 7jd2mm.

Chronotype and anxiety are associated in patients with chronic primary insomnia

Objective: To assess the interaction of chronotype with anxiety in patients with chronic primary insomnia. Methods: Sixty-four patients (50 women) with mean age 43.9±8.1 years were investigated with the Horne and Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results: Significant negative correlations of chronotype-MEQ score with STAI state-anxiety (r = -0.40, p < 0.05), STAI trait-anxiety (r = -0.40, p < 0.05), and STAI pre-sleep state anxiety (r = -0.30, p < 0.05) were observed. Eveningness preference was associated with higher trait, state, and pre-sleep state anxiety. Conclusions: These results suggest that chronotype may be an important parameter to identifying the origin and significance of a vicious anxiety-insomnia-depression cycle in patients with chronic primary insomnia.

Aspectos da insônia no adulto e a relação com o desempenho ocupacional / Insomnia aspects in adults and the relationship with the occupationalperformance

A insônia é conceituada como a dificuldade de iniciar ou manter o sono ou insatisfação com a qualidade do sono e que pode interferir no desempenho das atividades sociais e cognitivas. Este trabalho teórico buscou estudar a insônia no adulto e suasalterações que acometem o desempenho ocupacional. O estudo desenvolveu revisão bibliográfica do tipo narrativa do período de 2002 a 2012, realizada nas bases de dados eletrônicas utilizando como descritores, em português e em inglês, insônia e desempenho ocupacional. Foram encontrados 398 artigos, e selecionados 16 artigos. As publicações possuem maior frequência no ano de 2012 e apenas artigos científicos na línguainglesa estavam relacionados ao tema de pesquisa. Os principais acometimentos relacionados com o desempenho ocupacional dos indivíduos adultos referem-se aos prejuízos apresentados em diferentes contextos como no ambiente escolar, familiar, social e do trabalho. Dentre esses aspectos que interferem no desempenho ocupacional destacam-se: alterações cognitivas; fadiga duranteo dia; menor produtividade seja no trabalho ou nas atividades diárias de modo geral; absenteísmo, destacando-se esse aspecto relacionado ao trabalho; distúrbios de humor; ansiedade; relações familiares e sociais prejudicadas; e acidentes no trabalho.

Insomnia is conceptualized as a disorder defined by the existence of difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or dissatisfaction with the quality of sleep and it can interfere with the performance of cognitive and social activities. This theoretical study aimed to study about the insomnia in adults and the changes that affect the occupational performance. The studydeveloped a bibliographic review of narrative’s type of the period 2002 to 2012, held in electronic databases using as descriptors, in Portuguese and in English, insônia and desempenho ocupacional. It was found 398 articles, and selected 16 articles. The publications have a higher frequency in the year 2012 and only scientificarticles in English language were related to the research topic. The main disorders related with the occupational performance of adults relate to losses presented in different contexts such as in the school environment, family, social and work. Among these aspects that interfere in occupational performance stand out: cognitive changes, fatigue during the day; lower productivity at work or in daily activities in general; absenteeism, highlighting related to work; mood disorders; anxiety; family relationshipsand social disadvantage; and accidents at work.

Insomnia: psychological and neurobiological aspects and non-pharmacological treatments / Insonia: aspectos psicologicos e neurobiologicos e tratamentos nao farmacologicos

Insomnia involves difficulty in falling asleep, maintaining sleep or having refreshing sleep. This review gathers the existing informations seeking to explain insomnia, including those that focus on psychological aspects and those considered neurobiological. Insomnia has been defined in psychological (cognitive components, such as worries and rumination, and behavioral aspects, such as classic conditioning) and physiological terms (increased metabolic rate, with increased muscle tone, heart rate and temperature). From the neurobiological point of view, there are two perspectives: one which proposes that insomnia occurs in association with a failure to inhibit wakefulness and another that considers hyperarousal as having an important role in the physiology of sleep. The non-pharmacological interventions developed to face different aspects of insomnia are presented.

Insônia é um transtorno que envolve dificuldade em dormir, em manter-se dormindo ou em ter um sono restaurador. Esta revisão reúne informações que buscam explicar a insônia, incluindo aquelas que estudam os aspectos psicológicos e os neurobiológicos. A insônia tem sido definida em termos psicológicos (componentes cognitivos, tais como preocupações e ruminação e aspectos comportamentais, tais como o condicionamento clássico) e em termos fisiológicos (taxa metabólica aumentada, com tônus muscular, frequência cardíaca e temperatura aumentados). Do ponto de vista neurobiológico, há duas perspectivas: uma propondo que a insônia ocorre em associação com uma falha na inibição da vigília e outra que considera o hiperalerta como tendo um papel importante na fisiologia do sono. São apresentadas também as estratégias não farmacológicas desenvolvidas para lidar com os diferentes aspectos da insônia.

Dificultades del sueño y síntomas psicológicos en estudiantes de medicina de la Ciudad de México / Sleep difficulties and psychological symptoms in medicine students in Mexico

El objetivo del estudio fue describir las dificultades del sueño en estudiantes de Medicina de primer año de una institución pública en la Ciudad de México, en relación con algunos síntomas psicológicos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 572 alumnos de primer año de Medicina, quienes fueron evaluados mediante la Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90). Un 3.5% de los estudiantes manifestó tener muchas dificultades para conciliar el sueño, 6.3% para mantenerlo y 11.4% despertaban muy temprano. Las dificultades del sueño se asociaron en forma significativa con todas las dimensiones de psicopatología. Sus mejores predictores fueron la ansiedad, la hostilidad y la sensibilidad interpersonal. Se concluye que los síntomas asociados a tensión, enojo, preocupación, hiperactivación cognitiva e hipervigilancia son los mejores predictores para las dificultades del sueño en esta población.

The purpose of this study was to describe sleep difficulties in first year medical students associated with psychopathological symptoms. A cross-sectional study in 572 Medicine students, who were assessed by the Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90), was performed. A 3.5% of students reported having a hard time sleeping, 6.3% had difficulty staying asleep and 11.4% waking up very early. Sleep difficulties were significantly associated with all psychopathological symptoms. The best predictors of sleep difficulties were anxiety, hostility and interpersonal sensitivity. In conclusion, the symptoms associated with stress, anger, worry, cognitive hyperarousal and hypervigilance are the best predictors for sleep difficulties in this population.

A criança que não dorme: aspectos comportamentais da insônia infantil / The child that does not sleep: behavioral aspects of childhood insomnia

A insônia comportamental é um problema frequente em crianças. Quando não tratada, pode resultar em prejuízos no comportamento, aprendizagem e regulação emocional. O presente artigo aborda a importância da avaliação diagnóstica comportamental em crianças com problemas relacionados ao momento de dormir e aos despertares noturnos. A partir de uma análise funcional detalhada é possível identificar o que mantém os comportamentos inadequados da criança em relação ao sono, e assim traçar um plano de intervenção eficaz. As estratégias comumente usadas para o tratamento da insônia infantil são a extinção e o reforço positivo, consideradas pela literatura como métodos eficazes tanto para a redução de problemas no momento de dormir como para os despertares noturnos.

Sono, qualidade de vida e depressão em mulheres no pós-tratamento de câncer de mama / Sleep, quality of life and depression in women in breast cancer post-treatment

Este trabalho investigou a qualidade de sono de mulheres com câncer de mama e suas relações com qualidade de vida e depressão. Cinqüenta mulheres com câncer de mama (grupo clínico) e cinqüenta controles responderam um questionário médico-demográfico e ao instrumento Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. O grupo clínico também respondeu aos instrumentos Quality of Life Cancer-Survivor e Brief Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Verificou-se que mulheres com câncer tinham significativamente mais queixas de nictúria, calor e despertares noturnos. O grupo clínico com má qualidade do sono apresentou comprometimento na qualidade de vida e mais sintomas de depressão. Em geral, a qualidade de sono em mulheres com câncer de mama pode predizer a qualidade de vida e o bem estar psicológico.

This study investigated the sleep quality of women with breast cancer and their relationship with quality of life and depression. Fifty women with breast cancer (clinical group) and a control group of other 50 women without the disease answered a clinical-demographic questionnaire and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The clinical group also completed the Quality of Life Cancer-Survivor and the Brief Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale questionnaires. It was found that women with breast cancer had significantly more complaints of nocturia, heat and nighttime awakenings. The clinical group with poor quality of sleep reported impaired quality of life and more symptoms of depression. In general terms, sleep quality in women with breast cancer can predict their quality of life and psychological well-being.

Complaints of insomnia in hospitalized alcoholics / Quejas de insomnio en alcohólicos hospitalizados

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of insomnia complaints in a population of alcoholics hospitalized in addiction clinics in Bogotá. METHOD: Alcoholic patients hospitalized for detoxification in addiction clinics were recruited. Design: observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Data gathered by means of clinical interviews and measuring scales: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Zung Self-rating Anxiety and Depression scales. RESULTS: The prevalence of chronic insomnia complaints was 56.8 percent (33/58); anxiety symptoms 65.5 percent (38/58); depressive symptoms 75.9 percent (44/58) with variations in distribution by gender. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of chronic insomnia complaints measured was found to be high in the population of hospitalized alcoholics. These patients deserve medical care and treatment for sleep disorders in their rehabilitation plan. Further research allowing the extension of the obtained results is needed.

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de quejas de insomnio en alcohólicos hospitalizados para desintoxicación en Bogotá. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en una muestra de pacientes alcohólicos hospitalizados. Información recogida mediante entrevista clínica e instrumentos de medición validados localmente: Índice de calidad de sueño de Pittsburg, Zung de ansiedad y depresión. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de quejas de insomnio crónico fue 56,8 por cento (33/58), de síntomas ansiosos 65,5 por cento (38/58), depresivos 75,9 por cento (44/58) con variaciones en la distribución por géneros. CONCLUSIÓN: La prevalencia de quejas de insomnio crónico encontrada fue elevada en la población de alcohólicos hospitalizados. Estos pacientes merecen atención y tratamiento médico para las alteraciones del sueño en su plan de rehabilitación. Se necesitan investigaciones futuras que permitan ampliar los resultados obtenidos con este estudio.

Insomniac children maternal sleep and mood in São Paulo and Barcelona / Sono e humor de mães de crianças pequenas com insônia em São Paulo e Barcelona

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate sleep characteristics verifying for the presence of depressive symptoms in mothers of insomniac children living in São Paulo (Brazil) and Barcelona (Spain). METHOD: Forty-six mothers were evaluated, 37 from São Paulo and nine from Barcelona, their ages varying from 19 to 44, and their children; otherwise healthy but with complaints of insomnia, their age varying from three to 33 months. The mothers' sleep quality was rated by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). RESULTS: 91.30 percent of mothers reported poor sleep by PSQI standards. Regarding signs and symptoms of depression, 69.56 percent of all mothers in this sample showed them. Direct correlation between São Paulo mothers PSQI and BDI was found and also between the child's age and BDI. CONCLUSION: The mothers' poor sleep was related to mood changes with symptoms of depression presenting similar results in both cities.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a presença de sintomas depressivos em mães de crianças com insônia em São Paulo e Barcelona. MÉTODO: Quarenta e seis mães foram avaliadas, 37 de São Paulo e nove de Barcelona, suas idades variaram de 19 a 44 anos, e suas crianças, saudáveis, mas com queixa de insônia tinham idades de três a 33 meses. A mãe foi avaliada pelo Índice de Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburgh (PSQI) e pelo Índice de Depressão de Beck (IDB). RESULTADOS: 91,30 por cento das mães relataram sono ruim pelo padrão do PSQI. Quanto aos sinais e sintomas de depressão, 69,56 por cento das mães da amostra total relatavam. Nas mães de São Paulo foi constatada correlação direta entre o PSQI e o IDB, bem como a idade da criança e o IBD. CONCLUSÃO: O sono ruim das mães se correlacionou com sinais e sintomas depressivos e os resultados foram semelhantes nas duas cidades.

Comparative Study on the Sleep Patterns, Satisfaction of Sleep, and Sleep Enhancement Behaviors between Hospitalized and Non-hospitalized Elderly

PURPOSE: This study was to compare and analyze sleep patterns, satisfaction of sleep, and sleep enhancement behaviors between hospitalized and non-hospitalized elderly. METHODS: Subjects were 201 older adults, who were hospitalized patients or living in U-city, Gyung-gi province. Data was collected from June 10 to August 25, 2007, and was analyzed by the SAS program. RESULTS: 1) Non-hospitalized elderly had better sleep patterns than hospitalized elderly patients. 2) There was a strong positive correlation between sleep patterns and satisfaction of sleep in both groups. 3) In hospitalized elderly, there were significant differences in sleep patterns and satisfaction of sleep by month. 4) In non-hospitalized elderly, there was a significant difference in sleep patterns by presence or absence of spouses. There was a significant difference in satisfaction of sleep by those living with others. There were significant differences in sleep enhancement behaviors by age, religion, length of time, and sponsors. CONCLUSION: To relieve sleep disturbances of elderly, comprehension of sleep of the aged by nursing care givers should be obtained. Also, improving environments and elder's selfesteem with religious consideration and preparation of financial conditions are needed to promote the sleep of hospitalized and non-hospitalized elderly.

Qualidade subjetiva do sono em pacientes com transtorno depressivo / Subjective sleep quality in patients with depressive disorder

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade subjetiva do sono em pacientes com transtorno depressivo. Setenta pacientes (44 mulheres e 26 homens) ambulatoriais com diagnóstico de transtorno depressivo foram entrevistados e responderam ao Índice de Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburgh (IQSP), ao Questionário de Hábitos do Sono e ao Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI). As médias das pontuações globais do IQSP e BDI foram respectivamente 12,80 ± 3,77 e 35,83 ± 8,85, e a correlação foi positiva e significativa entre essas escalas (r = 0,70; p < 0,05). As pontuações globais do IQSP em pacientes com insônia (16,61 ± 4,21) e hipersonia (8,82 ± 2,71) apresentaram diferenças marcantes (p < 0,05). Os resultados da análise multivariada indicaram que apenas a insônia foi significativamente associada à qualidade subjetiva do sono (RC = 4,1; 95 por cento IC = 2,0-4,2). Os resultados sugerem que os pacientes da amostra apresentaram percepção inferior da qualidade subjetiva do sono, principalmente na insônia.

The aim of this study was to evaluate subjective sleep quality in patients with depressive disorder. Seventy outpatients (44 women and 26 men) with diagnosis of depressive disorder were interviewed and answered the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Sleep Habits questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Mean PSQI and BDI global scores were 12.80 ± 3.77 and 35.83 ± 8.85, respectively and correlation was positive and significant between these scales (r = 0.70; p < 0.05). The global PSQI scores of patients with insomnia (16.61 ± 4.21) and excessive sleepiness (8.82 ± 2.71) had marked differences (p < 0.05). The results of multivariate analysis indicated that only insomnia had a significant association with subjective sleep quality (OR = 4.1; 95 percent CI = 2.0-4.2). These results suggest that patients with depressive disorder of the study sample experienced poor subjective sleep quality, particularly in insomnia.

Calidad del sueño en pacientes psiquiátricos hospitalizados / Quality of sleep in hospitalizaed psychiatric patients

Se determinó la calidad global del sueño y de sus componentes en pacientes hospitalizados en el Hospital Psiquiátrico de Maracaibo. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal basado en encuesta personal y la aplicación del Indice de Calidad del Sueño de Pittsburg (PSQI) en 57 individuos seleccionados entre los 70 pacientes hospitalizados en el Hospital Psiquiátrico de Maracaibo en el mes de mayo del 2004. El 91,22 por ciento de los pacientes presentó alteraciones del sueño (28,07 por ciento leves, 8,77 por ciento moderadas y 54,38 por ciento severas). Varios de los componentes del PSQI estuvieron dentro de rangos aceptables: duración del sueño mayor a 7 horas en 24 horas (47,36 por ciento), eficiencia habitual del sueño: 0 puntos en 54,38 por ciento; mientras que otros componentes se mostraron francamente alterados, lo que repercutió en la puntuación PSQI global haciendo que al 91,22 por ciento de los entrevistados se le denominara "mal dormidor". Estas alteraciones fueron: perturbaciones extrínsecas del sueño en el 50,87 por ciento, uso de medicación hipnótica en el 84,21 por ciento, y disfunción diurna severa en el 42,10 por ciento de la población estudiada. Los principales diagnósticos de ingreso fueron: Esquizofrenia (21 personas) desglosada de la siguiente manera: Esquizofrenia tipo Residual (10 pacientes), Esquizofrenia tipo Paranoide (10 pacientes) y Esquizofrenia tipo Indiferenciada (1 paciente), de los cuales sólo 1 calificó como "buen dormidor"; Trastorno Afectivo Bipolar I, Episodio más reciente Maniaco, Grave con Síntomas Psicóticos, 11 personas, de las cuales 4 calificaron como "buenos dormidores" y 7 "malos dormidores"; Trastorno psicótico inducido por alcohol con ideas delirantes, 6 personas, todas calificadas como "malos dormidores". Se distinguieron tres rangos de edades que englobaron la mayor parte de la población estudiada: 34 a 39 años, 12 personas, en su totalidad "malos dormidores"; de 28 a 33 años, 11 personas, de las cuales 1 calif...